外国著名作家的笔名都是怎么来的?

笔名,点缀着文学史的漫漫长河,也装点着我们现代人的层层书架。古今中外,以笔名而著称的作家数不胜数。而笔名的由来也可谓是形形色色,千奇百态。如果你拥有乔治·奥威尔、安东尼·伯吉斯或是乔治·艾略特的任何一本著作,那你就拥有了一部关于“笔名”的宏大编年史。

作家们使用笔名的原因有很多。追溯历史,作家使用笔名最主要的原因之一是为了掩盖自己的性别。不过,性别并不是选取笔名时的唯一导向。

Dr. Seuss (Theodor Geisel)
苏斯博士西奥多·盖泽尔

  • 西奥多·苏斯·盖泽尔(Theodor Seuss Geisel,1904-1991年),美国幽默儿童文学作家、插图画家,笔名苏斯博士。代表作《想起我在桑树街见过它》《戴帽子的猫》《格林奇大闹圣诞节》《罗拉克斯》等。

After he threw a raging party, breaking Dartmouth and federal law during Prohibition, Dr.Seuss, born Theodor Geisel, was fired from his job as editor-in-chief of the college's Jack-O-Lantern magazine. However, Theodor, that rapscallion, kept writing for the humor mag by signing his work under his middle name—Seuss. Years later, when his first book was published, Seuss added the "Dr." as a joke at the expense of his father, who always wanted him to pursue a medical career.
苏斯博士,原名西奥多·盖泽尔,他在禁酒令期间举办了一场狂欢派对,违反了达特茅斯学院的校规和联邦法律,因而丢掉了在该学院杂志《南瓜灯》的主编工作。可是,西奥多这个“坏家伙”却将他的作品署上自己的中名——苏斯,继续为《南瓜灯》这本幽默杂志写稿。多年以后,当苏斯的第一本书出版时,他在名字前添上“Dr.”这个头衔,算是和父亲开了个玩笑,因为他的父亲一直希望他从医。

  • Prohibition [ˌprəʊɪˈbɪʃn] n. 【美史】(1920~1933年间的)禁酒时期
  • Jack-O-Lantern: (把南瓜挖空并雕成人面形的)杰克灯,此处为杂志名。
  • rapscallion [ræp'skæljən] n. <古> <谑>坏蛋,无赖
  • a joke at the expense of: 拿……开玩笑;以……为嘲笑对象

K. Rowling (Joanna Rowling)
K. 罗琳乔安娜·罗琳

  • 乔安妮·凯瑟琳·罗琳(J.K. Rowling),1965年7月31日出生于英国,毕业于英国埃克塞特大学,英国作家。代表作《哈利·波特》系列。2017年12月12日,被英国王室授予名誉勋位(Companion of Honour)。

A lot of writers choose to represent themselves with initials instead of given names. E. E. Cummings. T. S. Eliot. J. K. Rowling. In the case of the Potter scribe, however, the "K" doesn't really stand for anything. Joanna Rowling has no middle name, but her publisher thought Harry Potter would sell better if she disguised her gender. Thus, the mysterious "K" was born, which Rowling attributes to "Kathleen", her grandmother.
很多作家选择用名字的首字母代替名字来表示自己,比如E. E. 卡明斯、T. S. 艾略特和J. K. 罗琳。不过,说到《哈利·波特》系列小说的作者J. K. 罗琳,她名字中的“K”却并不真有什么含意。乔安娜·罗琳原本没有中名,但是她的出版商认为如果她隐瞒自己的性别,《哈利·波特》就会卖得更好。于是,神秘的“K”横空出世,罗琳说这个K来自她的祖母“凯瑟琳”。

  • scribe [skraɪb] n. <谑>作家

Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell (Charlotte, Emily, and Anne Bronte)
柯勒、埃利斯和阿克顿·贝尔夏洛蒂、艾米莉和安妮·勃朗特

  • 夏洛蒂、艾米莉和安妮被称为勃朗特三姐妹,是英国家喻户晓的作家。代表作分别为《简·爱》《呼啸山庄》和《阿格尼丝·格雷》。

Charlotte, Emily, and Anne Bronte wrote under many names, but the ones that stuck were Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell—each pseudonym sharing the same first and last initial as the real writer. When their writing gained fame, some critics and publishers mistakenly thought Wuthering Heights, Agnes Grey, and Jane Eyre were all penned by the same author. Charlotte and Anne were so upset by this that they traveled through a snowstorm to Smith, Elder, & Co. in London. The publishers had never met their author, "Currer Bell", in person, and were startled to find Charlotte instead! Afterward, the truth spread, and the three sisters became famous.
夏洛蒂、艾米莉和安妮·勃朗特曾用过许多笔名发表作品,但其中令人印象最为深刻的当属柯勒、埃利斯和阿克顿·贝尔——每个笔名中姓和名的首字母均与作家真实姓名的首字母相同。在她们的作品出名之后,一些评论家和出版商误以为《呼啸山庄》、《阿格尼丝·格雷》和《简·爱》全部出自同一位作家笔下。夏洛蒂和安妮对此感到十分不快,她们冒着暴风雪来到伦敦的史密斯埃尔德出版社。出版社的人此前与他们的作家“柯勒·贝尔”从未谋面,因而在见到夏洛蒂本人时不由地大吃一惊。后来,关于她们身份的真相不胫而走,三姐妹由此成名。

  • Smith, Elder, & Co.: 史密斯埃尔德出版社。一家英国出版社,由乔治·史密斯和亚历山大·埃尔德创建,因出版夏洛蒂·勃朗特的《简爱》(Jane Eyre)而一举闻名,而当时夏洛蒂·勃朗特的署名即为其笔名Currer Bell。
  • in person: 亲自,本人

Boz (Charles Dickens)
博兹查尔斯·狄更斯

  • 查尔斯·狄更斯(Charles Dickens,1982~1970),19世纪英国现实主义文学的代表作家,代表作《远大前程》《雾都孤儿》等。

When Charles Dickens started writing, he used the pen name of Boz. He once explained, writing that “Boz” was “the nickname of a pet child, a younger brother, whom I had dubbed Moses, in honour of Goldsmith's The Vicar of Wakefield, which, being pronounced Bozes, got shortened into Boz." Fair enough. His early writing was so popular that Sketches by Boz was actually published in 1836.
查尔斯·狄更斯在开始写作之初,用的是“博兹”这个笔名。他曾经解释道,“博兹”是“我一个可爱的小弟弟的绰号,为了纪念哥尔德斯密斯的《威克菲尔德的牧师》,我称他‘摩西’,却被误读为‘博兹斯’,后被简称为‘博兹’。”解释得有些道理。狄更斯的早期作品广受欢迎,使得《博兹札记》得以在1836年出版。

  • dub [dʌb] vt. 给……起绰号,把……称为
  • The Vicar of Wakefield: 《威克菲尔德的牧师》,由英国诗人、小说家奥利弗·哥尔德斯密斯(Oliver Goldsmith,1730~1744)著,书中有一人物就叫Moses。
  • fair enough: 有所保留地接受
  • Sketches by Boz: 《博兹札记》,英国作家狄更斯的第一部散文集,于1836年出版。

Silence Dogood (Benjamin Franklin)
赛伦斯·杜古德本杰明·富兰克林

  • 本杰明·富兰克林(Benjamin Franklin,1706~1790) ,出生于美国马萨诸塞州波士顿,美国政治家、物理学家、记者、作家、慈善家、外交家、发明家,是美利坚开国三杰之一,被美国的权威期刊《大西洋月刊》评为影响美国的100位人物第6名。

From the age of 16, Benjamin Franklin didn't just use pen names: he created entire personas, often quite different from himself. For example, his first pen name, Silence Dogood, was a widowed woman several decades older than then-teenage Franklin. He used these characters to many ends, from the frivolous to the serious. Through names like Anthony Afterwit and Alice Addertongue, Franklin humorously examined society, spread gossip, or exposed the flaws in conventional thought. Polly Baker, for example, was an alter-ego Franklin used to show that women were discriminated against by the law. Baker was the former mistress of several important men, raised their illegitimate children, and was punished while the fathers got off, scot-free.从16岁起,本杰明·富兰克林不仅使用过许多笔名,还常常借由这些笔名化身成为与他本人迥然不同的人物角色。比如,他用的第一个笔名是“赛伦斯·杜古德”,他当时才十几岁,但这个笔名对应的人物却是一位比他年长几十岁的寡妇。富兰克林让这些角色服务于多种不同的目的,有的无聊轻松,有的严肃认真。通过“安东尼·阿弗特威特(译注:afterwit本意为‘马后炮’或‘事后诸葛’)”和“爱丽丝·阿达通(译注:addertongue本意为‘毒舌’)”这样一些笔名,富兰克林用诙谐的方式审视社会、传播小道消息,或是揭示传统观念的缺陷。比如,波莉·贝克就是富兰克林用过的一个化身,用来揭露法律对女性的歧视。贝克做过多位要人的情妇,抚养他们的私生子,到最后却得一人承受责罚,而做父亲的都逃之夭夭、逍遥法外。

  • persona [pəˈsəʊnə] n. (同本人真实品格不一的)表面形象;人格面貌
  • frivolous [ˈfrɪvələs] adj. 轻浮的;不重要的
  • alter-ego [ˌæltər ˈiːɡəʊ] n. 第二个我;个性的另一面
  • scot-free: 免于受罚的;安然无恙的

Henry (William Sydney Porter)
·亨利威廉·西德尼·波特

  • 欧·亨利(O.Henry,1862~1910),美国短篇小说家、美国现代短篇小说创始人,其主要作品有《麦琪的礼物》《警察与赞美诗》《最后一片叶子》《二十年后》等。欧·亨利与契诃夫和莫泊桑并列世界三大短篇小说巨匠,曾被评论界誉为曼哈顿桂冠散文作家和美国现代短篇小说之父,他的作品有"美国生活的百科全书"之誉。

William Sydney Porter may have immortalized an Ohio State Penitentiary guard with his famous pen name, O. Henry. While in jail for embezzlement, Porter published his first story under that pseudonym, though why he'd want to celebrate his guard, we don’t know. The guard's name was reportedly Orrin Henry.
威廉·西德尼·波特用欧·亨利这个名闻遐迩的笔名,或许已经让俄亥俄州立监狱的一名狱警名垂青史了。波特曾因挪用公款而入狱,在坐牢期间,他用这一笔名发表了自己的处女作,至于他为什么要借用狱警的名字,我们就不得而知了。据说那名狱警名叫欧林·亨利。

  • immortalize [ɪˈmɔːtəlaɪz] vt. 使不朽;使名垂千古
  • penitentiary [ˌpenɪˈtenʃəri] n. 监狱;(美)州(或联邦)监狱
  • embezzlement [ɪmˈbezlmənt] n. 盗用;挪用(公款)